Optimal control policies for an inventory system with commitment lead time

We consider a firm which faces a Poisson customer demand and uses a base‐stock policy to replenish its inventories from an outside supplier with a fixed lead time. The firm can use a preorder strategy which allows the customers to place their orders before their actual need. The time from a customer's order until the date a product is actually needed is called commitment lead time. The firm pays a commitment cost which is strictly increasing and convex in the length of the commitment lead time. For such a system, we prove the optimality of bang‐bang and all‐or‐nothing policies for the commitment lead time and the base‐stock policy, respectively. We study the case where the commitment cost is linear in the length of the commitment lead time in detail. We show that there exists a unit commitment cost threshold which dictates the optimality of either a buy‐to‐order (BTO) or a buy‐to‐stock strategy. The unit commitment cost threshold is increasing in the unit holding and backordering costs and decreasing in the mean lead time demand. We determine the conditions on the unit commitment cost for profitability of the BTO strategy and study the case with a compound Poisson customer demand.     

应用加权紧致非线性格式的VFE-2钝前缘三角翼转捩模拟

为研究前缘转捩对钝前缘三角翼涡结构的影响,采用高阶精度加权紧致非线性格式和γ-Reθ转捩模型对VFE-2中等半径钝前缘三角翼进行数值模拟。将计算结果与试验结果进行详细对比,结果表明:钝前缘三角翼的前缘分离涡发生在翼尖下游,在特定雷诺数下其具体发生位置受转捩因素影响,采用全湍流模型计算会推迟分离,而耦合转捩模型后的计算结果和试验结果吻合良好。运用耦合转捩模型方法,对钝前缘三角翼涡结构随迎角变化进行模拟。计算结果与试验结果吻合,表明在较小的迎角下,前缘不会产生分离诱导涡;随迎角不断增大,分离诱导涡在三角翼后缘附近产生并向上游移动。     

Buy now,pay later: American military intervention and the strategic cost paradox

This paper explores the notion that US efforts to evade the political costs of war paradoxically contribute to the subsequent exacerbation of costs over time. Leaders seek to purchase political capital in the short term by limiting the costs and requirements of military operations, but in doing so cause strategic and political liabilities to mount in the long run. While identification of such behaviour is not new, insufficient attention has been devoted to explaining its causes, dynamics, and manifestations in relation to key decisions on and in war. Evidence derived from studies of recent American discretionary campaigns is analysed to advance an argument with respect to this pattern of self-defeating strategic behaviour.     

Military Off the Shelf Procurements: A Norwegian Case Study

Buying off the shelf procurements (OTS) has become an important part of the national acquisition strategy in several countries, and this paper seeks to bring empirical evidence on OTS as the preferred acquisition strategy by use of data from 2015 to 2022 investment portfolio of the Norwegian Armed Forces. We develop definitions for three categories of procurement – OTS, modified OTS and development projects – as well as a method to classify projects into these categories. Our first finding is that the characteristics of OTS projects correspond to modified OTS and development projects. Our second finding indicates that OTS projects perform better when it comes to the completion of projects according to the initial schedule, compared to development projects.     

改进BAS-TIMS算法在空战机动决策中的应用

针对当前空战机动决策精确度低、实时性差的缺点,对天牛须搜索-战术免疫机动系统(Beetle Antennae Search-Tactical Immune Maneuver System, BAS-TIMS)算法进行改进,并应用于空战机动决策中。增加左爬升、右爬升、左俯冲、右俯冲4种机动,对传统的机动策略库进行扩充,设计了11种基本机动策略并给出了相应的控制方法。基于距离、高度、速度、角度和战机性能优势函数,利用非参量法构造战机机动决策综合优势函数。针对天牛须搜索算法在全局搜索和收敛速度上存在的缺陷,引入蒙特卡洛概率迭代的方法对算法进行改进,并和战术免疫机动系统进行融合,将改进的BAS-TIMS算法用于空战机动决策。设计算例进行仿真分析,并将结果和博弈论法、改进共生生物免疫进化算法、传统BAS算法和传统TIMS模型的计算结果进行对比,验证所提算法的有效性。仿真结果表明:改进BAS-TIMS算法在空战机动决策的收敛精度、收敛速度和全局搜索能力上更加具有优势。     

【邀请论文】军队审计应用区块链技术面临的机遇、挑战及推进策略

区块链技术是一种融数据库技术、计算机科学、网络技术、数学及密码学等为一体的现代信息技术，是未来信息化发展的核心技术之一，具有去中心化、公开透明、不易篡改及开源共治等特点。军队审计要坚定不移地贯彻科技强审战略，加强审计信息化建设，将大数据、区块链等现代信息技术与审计业务深度融合，大力推行在线审计、联网审计，促进审计力向保障力和战斗力聚焦。本文在系统阐述区块链技术给军队审计在控制审计风险、提高工作效率、实现审计全覆盖等方面带来机遇的同时，分析了可能面临的应用意识不足、应用经验不足、应用安全存在隐患、应用法规缺乏等挑战，在此基础上提出了区块链技术应用的推进策略，以期更好地推动军队审计信息化的进程。     

Modern liberal wars,illiberal allies,and peace as the failure of policy

ABSTRACT

The post-Cold War period nearly up to the present has been characterised as the age of liberal wars, yet key facets of the liberal guidance of war remain under appreciated. This article seeks to address this wider gap with regard to the particular concern of war termination and the fulfilment or failure of policy. First, it develops characterisations of liberal wars based on the existing literature, identifying three broad types through consideration of context—defensive versus offensive—and of political and strategic agency, particularly regarding the motives for and intents of action. Three types of liberal wars result: defensive liberal wars, offensive liberal wars with humanitarian motive and geopolitical intent, and offensive liberal wars with geopolitical motive and humanitarian intent. The article then presents one exemplary case for each liberal war with an emphasis on how liberal strategy required an illiberal ally and that ally's effect on the subsequent peace.     

The Russian hybrid warfare strategy – neither Russian nor strategy

Following Russia’s annexation of Crimea and its initial actions in eastern Ukraine in 2014, the term hybrid warfare has received much public attention. Many have argued that the Russian actions we saw in Ukraine were part of a completely new strategy while others have suggested that there was nothing new in Russia’s actions. This article takes a critical look at these claims. Through the assessment of the history of the term hybrid warfare and a rigorous analysis of the so-called Gerasimov doctrine, this study finds that the Russian hybrid warfare strategy is rather a western myth than a formal comprehensive Russian strategic concept. Additionally, through the assessment of the Russian use of information operations and the way she has utilised the cyberspace in several recent conflicts, the study finds that against all claims Russia did not make these areas its main battlefield, but rather has been using them in support of its traditional concepts.     

多级电磁线圈发射器时序触发策略研究

为优化多级同步感应线圈电磁发射器(SICEML)性能,以提高发射速度和能量转换效率为检验指标,以影响上述指标的触发时序为优化对象,采用遗传算法建立了单级同步感应线圈型电磁发射器触发位置优化数学模型,计算出了最佳触发位置,通过数值和有限元两种仿真系统对优化结果的正确性进行了验证；采用该方法对两级以及10级同步感应线圈型电磁发射器的触发时序进行了优化研究,并进行了仿真验证；为解决了仿真系统误差的问题,提出采用动子线圈在各级的触发位置和速度作为控制因素的双控触发方式,并研究分析了仿真过程中触发开关的随机抖动对出口速度误差的影响。     

以色列反恐情报战略探讨

以色列是世界上第一个遭受国际恐怖主义威胁的国家。但通过明确分工和行之有效的反恐措施,以色列已经能够对付不断升级的恐怖主义威胁。自“9·11”事件以来,全球许多国家都开始向以色列求教国土安全方面的知识和专业技术。